Wednesday, August 26, 2020

International Marketing Wesfarmers Limited

Question: Talk about the International Marketing Wesfarmers Limited. Answer: Presentation Wesfarmers Limited is one of the major differentiated companies of Australia with a few global business tasks. The organization was built up in the time of 1914 and from that point, Wesfarmers has become the biggest partnership in Australia (Wesfarmers.com.au 2017). The broadened business activities of Wesfarmers incorporate market, alcohol, inn, comfort stores, office supplies, home upgrades, departmental stores, vitality, composts, and numerous others. As indicated by the current promoting circumstance of the organization, Wesfarmers can be portrayed as a serious association. The significant promoting objective of the association is to convey high caliber of items to its clients so as to fulfill the necessities of the clients. Different business procedures of Wesfarmers incorporate creation, dissemination, deals, advertising and different client administrations. It very well may be seen that there are four phases of the existence pattern of the different results of Wesfarmers; thes e stages are presentation of the item, development of the item, development of the item and decrease of the item (Wesfarmers.com.au 2017). SWOT Analysis of Wesfarmers The SWOT examination of Wesfarmers is demonstrated as follows: Qualities One of the significant qualities of Wesfarmers is colossal business involvement with the Australian market. The organization has been working together in over 18 decades. This immense experience can be utilized to make global endeavors. Sensible and reasonable cost of the different items is another key quality of Wesfarmers. This could be a viable methodology to set up universal business (Cheng, Green and Ko 2014). The great notoriety and brand name is another significant quality of Wesfarmers. With the assistance of these two, the organization has had the option to build up a solid client base (Murray 2013). The chiefs and supervisors of Wesfarmers have powerful business aptitudes in various zones of the business. So as to grow universally, the abilities and information on the executives and administrators are the significant devices. Shortcomings Absence of mechanical nearness can be seen in various business parts of Wesfarmers. This can be considered as a significant shortcoming of the organization. It tends to be seen that there is an absence of common obligation of Wesfarmers with the economy of Australia. At the point when opportunity arrives, it tends to be a significant shortcoming of the organization. Openings The great monetary state of Australia has expanded the removal salary of the individuals of Australia. This makes business open doors for Wesfarmers as the organization can build the income and benefit of the organization by satisfying the interest of the clients. Wesfarmers has the chance to build up the center skills of the association for the nearness of enormous rivalry in this industry. With the assistance of experienced and handy group of the board, Wesfarmers has the chance to extend its business around the world. Dangers The consistent increment in the quantity of contenders is a significant danger for Wesfarmers as it is hampering the business chances of the organization. The negative impact of the world financial downturn on the business tasks of Wesfarmers is a significant danger for the organization (Ball 2014). To follow various types of worldwide principles and guidelines at the hour of universal business is another significant danger for the organization. Table 1: SWOT Analysis of Wesfarmers (Source: as made by Author) Examination of Customer Market, Position and Segmentation Wesfarmers pays attention to their clients very as the organization guarantee appropriate client commitment in each degree of business. It very well may be seen that each segment of the matter of Wesfarmers speaks with their clients in the most ideal manner. All the organizations of Wesfarmers have very much evolved correspondence instrument so as to speak with the clients of the association. Wesfarmers rushes to tackle the issues of the clients (Wood 2012). Wesfarmers have taken a portion of the significant techniques so as to situate themselves in the market. With the assistance of solid clients unwaveringness and brand trust, Wesfarmers has had the option to well position themselves in the market. Another significant methodology in such manner is to make, use and react the most recent item inclines in the market (wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Wesfarmers can misuse each open door in the market. These are the significant situating methodology of Wesfarmers. Taking a gander at the various types of results of Wesfarmers, it very well may be comprehended that individuals from all sections independent of their age, sex and pay are the significant clients of Wesfarmers. Suggested Country In light of the above investigation of various business parts of Wesfarmers, it is suggested that Singapore will be the reasonable nation for Wesfarmers to dispatch its various types of items. The reasons are talked about beneath. Proposals Different reasons lead to the determination of Singapore as the appropriate nation for the worldwide business of Wesfarmers. Four central point for this situation are item, value, spot and advancement. If there should arise an occurrence of item, the sorts of item Wesfarmers produce have an incredible interest in Singapore like departmental store, food items and others. If there should be an occurrence of value procedure, the political and administrative state of the host nation is extraordinary influencers. The political state of Singapore is steady and it suits the universal business. Moreover, the administrative structure of Singapore is reasonable to the global organizations. The creating economy of Singapore has a ton of interest. Subsequently, Singapore is the ideal spot for Wesfarmers (Zikmund et al. 2013). Pretty much every sort of limited time exercises are accessible in Singapore to advance the results of Wesfarmers. In this manner, in view of the above conversation, it ver y well may be comprehended that Singapore is the most reasonable spot top dispatch the results of Wesfarmers. End The fundamental point of the report was to investigate the global business chances of the Australian organization, Wesfarmers. From the above conversation, it very well may be seen that experience and moderate cost are the significant qualities of Wesfarmers. Then again, the nearness of numerous contenders and the effect of world monetary downturn are the significant dangers of Wesfarmers. From that point forward, the name of Singapore is suggested as the host universal nation for Wesfarmers. The fundamental explanation is that the political and administrative state of the nation is well appropriate for the organizations of Wesfarmers. References Ball, L.M., 2014.Long-term harm from the Great Recession in OECD countries(No. w20185). National Bureau of Economic Research. Cheng, M.M., Green, W.J. what's more, Ko, J.C.W., 2014. The effect of key significance and affirmation of maintainability markers on financial specialists' decisions.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(1), pp.131-162. Murray, B., 2013. Culture Is the Brand: Making Your Company's Culture the Essence of Your Brand.Effective Executive,16(4), p.11. Wesfarmers.com.au. (2017).2016 Strategy Briefing Day. [online] Available at: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/docs/default-source/asx-declarations/2016-procedure instructions day-presentation.pdf?sfvrsn=0 [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. Wesfarmers.com.au. (2017).The Wesfarmers Way. [online] Available at: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/what our identity is/the-wesfarmers-way [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. Wesfarmers.com.au. (2017).Who we are. [online] Available at: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/what our identity is/who-we-are [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. Wood, T., 2012. Returning the client in front. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. what's more, Griffin, M., 2013.Business examination techniques. Cengage Learning

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Cell Phone in Life Essay Example for Free

Wireless in Life Essay In present day life, mobile phone is an essential device to all individuals. To everybody, a PDA is an enchantment instrument, which is a mean of media transmission, a diversion gadget and an extraordinary work supporter. To me, I can't envision how I can live without my telephone. The essential capacity of a mobile phone is to interface individuals. We utilize our phones to speak with different ones. For instance, we can converse with guardians and send our adoration to them in a thousand mile away in a second. We can help individuals who are in a crisis with a finger. Or then again basically, we can assemble our companions to hang out mess around with simple calls or messages. A PDA is an enchantment device, which can assist us with reaching individuals just with a hand. In addition, a phone is a magnificent instrument we requirement for our examining and business. At school, a few utilizations of wireless assistance us tackling the issues in class. For instance, we can record the talks of teachers in class and watch his talk again at home so as to all the more likely comprehend the information, or while applying information, we can take a few pictures in the lab class to watch our lab results better. At work, our mobile phones can be a USB to store information, or a smaller than normal PC to send our report, and even a little compact PC to ride the Internet, which is basically essential to each agent. A phone is crucial to a business visionary or a student‘s vocation. At long last, another preferred position of phones is to engage. In our phones, we can store our main tunes to tune in to when feeling tragic, recordings and photos of our darling ones to see when we miss them, which makes us more joyful. We can likewise mess around in our mobile phones, helping us consuming off pressure and beginning to feel upbeat once more. Without PDAs, our life would be significantly less pleasant. For example, your closest companion is disturbed about issues of her or his family. You can comfort her or him by your main tunes, and afterward search for something fun, similar to game or interesting video to unwind. With a wireless, we will never must be dismal for quite a while. Today, everyone gets ready oneself with a mobile phone, similar to an indispensable thing in their advanced life. As the PDAs are improved with advance capacities, they will make our lives increasingly helpful and agreeable. Individuals are encouraged to outfitted themselves with a phone to improve their lives.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Essay The Unethical of Euthanasia or Mercy Killing

The word euthanasia is taken from the Greek word ‘Eu Thanos’, meaning ‘good death’. Euthanasia involves an action carried out by a person other than the patient to end the life of the patient suffering from a terminal condition. This action is based on the belief that the act is putting the patient of their misery: this action has also been called mercy killings. There are a number of ethical concerns that arise when the terminally ill patient and healthcare providers decide on the best course of care for the dying patient. The definition of ethical is upright, honest, and compliant with accepted standards of social or professional behavior. Those people who think euthanasia is morally right believe that a terminally ill person has the†¦show more content†¦Healthcare providers may decide to euthanize an elderly patient just because they think the patient is going to die eventually because of their age. If we place the decision of life and death and healthcare provider’s hands it will lead to murder. Our society is working to educate individuals on the importance of seeking medical advice, getting blood work done and getting a yearly physical. However, one of the most important changes in recent years is the increasing emphasis insurance companies have placed on healthcare providers to control costs. Great discrepancy in access to care occurs, depending on the type and size of the system, source of payment for services, private versus public programs, availability of an accessibility to providers, individual preferences, and insurance coverage or ability to pay. The existing system continues to be oriented to treatment of acute or episodic conditions rather than the promotion of health and complete care. It would be cheaper for insurances if health care providers used euthanasia for those patients that are terminally ill instead of treating their illness. If euthanasia was legal healthcare providers would have to decide to do the right thing or make more money in treating patients with disabilities and incurably diseases. â€Å"Euthanasia, if it was legalized, could become a money maker tool for big HMOs, because drugs used in euthanasia would only cost aboutShow MoreRelatedEuthanasi Should It Be Legalized? Essay1125 Words   |  5 PagesEuthanasia â€Å"mercy killing† should it be legalized in New Zealand? Euthanasia debates aren’t new to the surface as people has been talking about it for more than a decade. One side of the issue is the government and other organizations that stand against legalising euthanasia as they thi nk it is unethical and would be considered as the other face to suicide. The other side of the issue are some doctors and professionals that think euthanasia should be legalised in New Zealand, so people that sufferRead MorePsysician Assicted Suicide1071 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause she felt it was necessary; even though it clearly was not. He heard her desperate plead and decided to help. He used his own invention called the Suicide Machine: a way of killing an ill patient by means of injecting lethal drugs into the patient via an IV, an example of active euthanasia. Active euthanasia occurs when an action is done with the intention of ending a persons life, such as injecting a fatal drug or medication. Finally, in a public park inside his Volkswagen van, KevorkianRead MoreMany years ago, in a small town in Michigan, a woman by the name of Janet Adkins was diagnosed with1200 Words   |  5 Pagestechnically called suicide; even though it clearly was. He heard her desperate plead and decided to help. He used his own invention called the Suicide Machine: a way of killing an ill patient by means of injecting lethal drugs via an I.V. This is an example of one of two types of euthanasia, known as Active Euthanasia. Active Euthanasia occurs when an action is done with the intention of ending a persons life, such as injecting a fatal drug or medication (Kastenbaum 531). Finally, in a public park insideRead MoreIs Euthanasia A Mercy Killing Or Assisted Suicide?947 Words   |  4 Pagesof which that is most commonly discussed and debated is euthanasia. Also referred to as mercy killing or assisted suicide, euthanasia is defined as the â€Å"act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy†. (Euthanasia) Though such a basic definition is provided, mercy killing can be classified into several different categories. Voluntary euthanasia is performed with the permission and consent of the personRead MoreEuthanasia Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesEuthanasia In this term paper I have chosen to speak about euthanasia because this is a topic that provokes as much controversy as capital punishment, primarily because it is irreversible. The question of euthanasia being right or wrong is one that most would prefer left alone. My purpose here in this term paper is to show forth view points of both sides of the arguments and finally conclude with my views on the topic. Let me start by explaining what is the exactRead MoreThe Controversy Of The Practice Of Euthanasia1605 Words   |  7 PagesThe controversy of a doctor assisting their patient who is already dying, end their life sooner to save them from continuous unnecessary pain and agony has been the topic of controversy for years. The practice of euthanasia is in my opinion a mercy and should not be banned because in reality it doesn’t physically hurt anyone. You could say it hurts the patient but then again that patient is already in tremendous pain or in an incapacitated state of no recovery, as in paralyzed or brain damage etcRead MoreEssay about Euthanasia as Mercy or Murder1311 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia as Mercy or Murder In keeping with the root definition of euthanasia- literally [meaning] good death- [supporters] of euthanasia insist they are talking about helping terminally ill patients in insufferable pain die a dignified death- at the patients request. But this bears no resemblance to the true picture of the actual practice of euthanasia in the United States (Lyons np). Passive euthanasia is death by nonintervention, meaning a health care worker can discontinueRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of The Medical Field1619 Words   |  7 Pagesfield today is Euthanasia. Euthanasia is a process that entails deliberately ending a person’s life, with the intention of relieving their pain and suffering. As such, it is legal in some countries while illegal in some. The US Law accords all informed adults the right to die even though the law surrounding it varies from one state to the other. There are however a couple of ethical issues that come up as a result of the practice. The major debate has been whether or not Euthanasia is right, or wrongRead MoreEssay about Euthanasia should not be legalized in the US622 Words   |  3 Pagesa patient’s right to choose to end his or her life by means of euthanasia. Euthanasia is the practice of ending a life in a painless manner. It has been and still remains an extremely controversial topic in the US. Does a person have the right to die? Should euthanasia be legalized? Legalizing euthanasia has become a burning topic to doctors, societies, governments, and nations. To me, the US government should not legalize euthanasia. I agree that people should have the right to do anything theyRead MoreMercy Killing1858 Words   |  8 PagesNovember 11, 2010 Mercy killing is it justifiable? There are many perspectives on the issue of mercy killing and if it’s justifiable. Mercy killing is the killing of another human being. As this issue is closely monitored we see that, euthanasia involves the ethics of doctor’s practices, and many other problems that may come up in this controversial issue. Three main perspectives are mercy killing is not justifiable for any reason, mercy killing is justifiable, and mercy killing is justifiable to

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Roosevelt And Roosevelt s President Essay - 1495 Words

Throughout the beginning of the 1900’s, Roosevelt became immensely favored and adored by the majority of United States citizens. After Theodore Roosevelt served his terms of presidency from 1901-1909, he declared that he would not accept a renomination for another term. With being in control of the Republican Party and also becoming quite favored, Roosevelt was able to name who his successor would be. With having being so popular and trustworthy, Roosevelt commanded the Republican Party to stay loyal to his ways by nominating and supporting Roosevelt’s secretary of war, William Howard Taft. When Roosevelt left office, he stated, â€Å"I have the profound satisfaction of knowing that he [Taft] will do all in his power to further every one of the great causes for which I have fought and that he will persevere in every one of the great governmental policies in which I most firmly believe† (6). However, when election time came around, many Americans were not impressed by the actions that Taft had taken and the way he carried himself. Many Americans were against Taft and believed that he was not competent enough to take on the job. When Taft ran for his second term in 1912, his opposers, betrayal of the Republican Party and his seemingly lack of political knowledge and training cost him the election. Mid-way through his first term, Taft had changed his motives and wanted to remove so called â€Å"disloyal† members from the Republican party. Around this time, Taft was also in aShow MoreRelatedPresident Roosevelt s President Of The United States Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesWhen President McKinley was assassinated Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States at the age of 43. He is the youngest president in our nation’s history. Though President Roosevelt was young with fresh ideas filled with high energy as you will see that even after he became president he continued to do some things he enjoyed in his life. Roosevelt while still in the presidency, he continued to box inside the White House. In one of those instances while sparing he sparedRead MorePresident Roosevelt s New Deal971 Words   |  4 PagesWhen President Roosevelt took office, the odds were stacked against him almost immediately. This was due to Roosevelt having to take on the task of getting America out of the Depression that It plunged into during the Herbert Hoover administration. The Great Depression happened through a myriad of events that ranged from bank failures to the stock market crashing multiple times in a short amount of time. The nation s economy was in turmoil and unemployment and poverty were at an all-time high andRead MorePresident Roosevelt s New Deal1025 Words   |  5 PagesFranklin Delano Roosevelt is consistently listed just behind Lincoln and Washington on ratings of American presidents by many historians. There are even some media sources, such as Newsweek and the Schlesinger Presidential Poll that list FDR as the top modern president. He was loved by the American people at the time, as evident by his four terms, the only president to do so. To the average and uninformed American, this may seem to be a fair assessment of the president that led his country out ofRead MorePresident Roosevelt s Foreign Policy1154 Words   |  5 Pagespower, president McKinley was assassinated on 14 September 1901. The boisterous and aggressive Vice President Theodore Roosevelt would now fill the role of President. Unlike McKinley, Roosevelt did not shy away from conflict. He was ambitious to lead the charge in expanding America’s presence with an aggressive foreign policy. Shortly following the United States rise to imperialistic power president McKinley was assassinated on 14 September 1901. The boisterous and aggressive Vice President TheodoreRead MorePresident Roosevelt s President Of The Republican Progressive Party1481 Words   |  6 Pagespresident’s name is Theodore Roosevelt. His nickname is Teddy. Did you know the Teddy Bear was named after him? President Roosevelt was in office from September 14, 1901 until March 4, 1909. He was the 26th president of the United States. President Roosevelt was in the Republican Progressive Party. Theodore Roosevelt was born in New York City, New York on October 27, 1858. He died in Cove Neck, New York on January 6, 1919. He was 60 years old. President Roosevelt’s wives names wereRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt s President Of The United States967 Words   |  4 PagesTheodore Roosevelt became president after president McKinley was assassinated. Roosevelt was the 26th president of the United States from 1901-1909. Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest United States president in history. Theodore Roosevelt was one of the most popular and important to ever serve in the Chief Executive Office. During Theodores Roosevelts time as president he accomplished many things while president. A couple of his accomplishments were created when he introduced the Square Deal. TheRead MorePresident Theodore Roosevelt s Military Power1468 Words   |  6 Pages Although some believe that president Theodore Roosevelt abused his executive power, he did not. He was a very successful president who used his powers as president expertly during his presidency. Roosevelt used his diplomatic power wisely in the Dominican Republic and when he mediated the Russo-Japanese war. He used his legislative power effectively to influence reform policies. Roosevelt used his military power strongly to suppress Columbia and free Panama while asserting America’s militaryRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt s Speech1374 Words   |  6 Pages Words are some of the most important, effective, yet dangerous tools of the world. Words have the power to persuade, dissuade, and completely change one s point of view. We have all experienced that moment when we want to do something and our parents disagree. They may say to do whatever we want, however those simple words can cause waves of guilt crashing through onto ourselves. Although the parents did not say they disagree, the circumstances allowed ears to be tuned fine into seeing what theRead MorePresident Roosevelt s Declaration Of War On Japan Essay1018 Words   |  5 Pagesemergency. How would you feel? How would you react? What would you do? As President Roosevelt delivered his speech he had two main points that he wanted to relay to the nation. The first point was to encourage Congress to formally declare war on Japan. Insisting that the attack was just a start to the many more to come. The second point was to gather the support of the American people; in the war efforts that he was proposing, President Franklin used major American cities such as San Francisco, ChicagoRead MorePresident Roosevelt s Successor, Taft876 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough William Howard Taft had been President Theodore Roosevelt’s handpicked successor, Taft soon proved to be incompetent in many foreign and domestic affairs. To many Americans, it quickly became evident that Taft did not share the same political viewpoints as his successor, Roosevelt, had. Compared to Roosevelt, Taft was not as energetic and ardent; his policies caused much controversy from the Republican Party and Roosevelt himself (Brinkley 606). In addition to Taft’s passivity towards Congress

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Workers without Jobs Free Essays

GAP cannot reflect positive or negative externalities Involve In the consumption and production UT these externalities do affect on people’s living standard. Negative externalities such as pollution brings environmental costs to society but not calculated by GAP. Positive externalities such as technological advance benefits to society but it is not count in GAP. We will write a custom essay sample on Workers without Jobs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Economic well-being would be under-value or over-value if GAP is the only single measure of economic well-being. 3. Leisure helps people enjoy a better life. In countries with lower GAP, the welfare gain from leisure can compensate the welfare loss from low GAP. Explain why frictional and structural unemployment are unavoidable in most of the economies. There are always some workers without Jobs, even when the overall economy is doing well. For example, people now prefer cell phones from Apple than from Monika. Monika decides to cut down Its employees due to the decrease of revenue. It takes time for him (the worker) to search another job that is best suited for him. In this period when matching jobs and workers, he is unemployed and it is called frictional unemployment. Another example is that now most of the textile factories decide to move to mainland China. A worker in one of these factories loses her job, however, he Is unable to learn or change new working skills or knowledge on other specialist or other field. And therefore, she cannot find a new Job In her Orlando Industry and also in other industries. This imbalance between the skills and other characteristics of some workers and the needs of workers in the labor market causes unemployment called structural unemployment. When unemployment consist only frictional and structural unemployment, unemployment is at natural rate. In most of the economies, there are always some reasons causing frictional or structural unemployment. Employment rate never fall to zero it fluctuates around the natural rate of unemployment. Therefore, frictional and structural unemployment are unavoidable in most of the economies. What are the three major functions of money? Discuss how these functions be affected by inflation. Account and a store of value. A medium of exchange is an item that buyers give to sellers when they purchase goods and services. When you buy a shirt at a clothing store, the store gives you the shirt, and you give the store your money. This transfer of money from buyer to seller allows the transaction to take place. When you walk into a store, you are confident that the store will accept your money for the items it is selling because money is the commonly accepted medium of exchange. A unit of account is the yardstick people use to post prices and record debts. When you go shopping, you might observe that a shirt costs $30 and a hamburger costs $3. Even though it would be accurate to say that the price of a shirt is 10 hamburgers and the price of a hamburger is 1110 of a shirt, prices are never quoted in this way. Similarly, if you take out a loan from a bank, the size of your future loan repayments ill be measured in dollars, not in a quantity of goods and services. When we want to measure and record economic value, we use money as the unit of account. A store of value is an item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future. When a seller accepts money today in exchange for a good or service, that seller can hold the money and become a buyer of another good or service at another time. Money is not the only store of value in the economy: A person can also transfer purchasing power from the present to the future by holding monetary assets such as stocks and bonds. The term wealth is used to refer to the total of all stores of value, including both money and monetary assets. What assumptions are necessary to argue that the quantity equation of money implies that increases in the money supply lead to proportional increases in the general price (a) Discuss two reasons why the GAP deflator gives a different rate of inflation than the ICP does. 1. 12 PEP (6 marks) (b) Explain the likely effect of a binding minimum wage on the unemployment rate. (5 marks) (a) Suppose an economy that is initially at full employment faces a tremendous drop n imports. I. How to cite Workers without Jobs, Papers

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Real

Real-Life Heroes Essay Heroes abound in present times and many of them are fictional characters, for instance, Superman, Wonder Woman, and Thor. They’ve been significant in many people’s childhood and teenage years, but there’re also real-life heroes who embody the best human qualities and are acknowledged for making the difference. Heroes have always lived on the borderline between real world and that of imagination. On the one hand, we’re aware they’re not real because adults are constantly telling us heroes only exist in cartoons and movies. On the other hand, it seems that superheroes are real because they make us feel courageous when confronting adversities. That’s how a real-life hero can materialize himself these days: encouraged by a fictional character that, with his/her noble disposition, helps people deal with their fears and guides them into worthy achievement. Additionally, a modern, real-life hero isn’t a costumed crime fighter, but an ordinary person who’s resolved to be â€Å"braver five minutes longer. † To be a modern hero comes along with great responsibilities, thus an ordinary man’s mentality has to suffer a modification in order to understand that such responsibility is assumed, not imposed. Consequently, the capacity to take on responsibility where no one else would regard themselves as responsible, leads real-life heroes to do something about a situation rather than being helpless victims of it. The English poet Matthew Arnold once said: â€Å"The will is free; Strong is the soul, and wise, and beautiful; The seeds of god-like power are in us still; Gods are we, bards, saints, heroes, if we will! † which may mean that there’re honorable characteristics inherently human that can make anyone of us a real-life hero, opposite to cultural stereotypes and committed to embrace diversity –heroes may come in all sizes, colors, and shapes. Hence, those who organize the neighborhood to get a stop sign, open children’s libraries, and protest against the threat of contamination are the ordinary people who’ve taken responsibility regarding an affair and have done a meaningful effort to improve it. Finally, heroism doesn’t consist of wearing capes and tight clothes, and having superpowers to fight evil. Instead, it’s enough to develop a sense of responsibility to take a stand in those subjects that require a brave person to do something about them. We can all be modern-days heroes and be acknowledged for our contribution to a better society. Let’s make our own version of superheroes now! Bibliography: Arnold, Matthew. The Poems of Matthw Arnold. 1840-1867. London, New York: Oxford University Press, 1909; From http://www.bartleby.com/254/14.html, 2011. Debra, D., Norloff, C., Carne, P. Q Skills for Success. Reading and Writing 4 Student Book with Online Practice. USA: Oxford University Press; Pap/Psc St edition (2011)

Tuesday, March 31, 2020

Piaget v. Vygotsky free essay sample

Both Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky have had a huge impact on learning and teaching methods. Although they have different views on how children learn, they both suggest helpful methods of teaching. Piaget and Vygotsky both focus on the idea of constructivism. Constructivist theories believe learning includes real-world situations, language, interaction, and collaboration with others. Piaget believed in cognitive constructivism and Vygotsky believed in social constructivism. They both had logical ideas with some similarities, but their theories also differed. First off, Piaget was a strong believer in cognitive constructivism and offered that children learn with schemes, accommodation, and assimilation. He also suggested that learner go through stages of learning. These include the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage, and the formal operational stage. The sensorimotor stage occurs before the age of 2 and includes learning through movement and senses. Towards the end of this stage, children begin to develop object permanence. We will write a custom essay sample on Piaget v. Vygotsky or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Between the ages of 2-7, the child is at the preoperational stage. At this age, children are not able to think about their actions and believe everyone has the same viewpoint as themselves. They also pick up the idea of conservation at this stage. Next is the concrete operational stage which happens between 7 to 11 years of age. By this time, children have intelligence based on logic and concrete references. Eleven years and up is considered the formal operational stage. During this stage, abstract thinking really takes off and a child can think about probabilities and analogies. An example of a classroom that involves Piaget’s cognitive constructivism theory would include challenging activities for the children such as simulations, field trips, and model building. Overall, his theory includes providing a child with knowledge that is meaningful and relatable. On the other hand, Lev Vygotsky believed in social constructivism as a means of learning. His theory suggested that children learn best in a collaborative environment involving socialization. He believed that a child must interact with the social environment on an interpersonal level. Once this has occurred, the child can internalize their experience and construct new ideas. For Vygotsky, culture and social context are critical in learning and he believed that’s when children learn the best. He came up with the ZPD, which stands for zone of proximal development. The ZPD is the distance between what a learner can do with help and what they can do without help. He thought that children learn best within this zone because it advances their learning and challenges them. Vygotsky believed that with the help of a teacher or mentor, students could understand concepts that they wouldn’t be able to know on their own. A classroom including Vygotsky’s social constructivism theory would include meaningful content and content that relates to the real-world. Teacher-student and student-student interaction are key in the classroom according to Vygotsky and will produce strategies such as questioning, summarizing, predicting, and clarifying. A similarity between Piaget and Vygotsky is that they both provided views on cognitive development using constructivism. They were both interested in furthering the learning of children using cognitive processes. Also, another similarity that they share is that they both believed that societal influences established cognitive growth in children. They agreed that learning is affected by the context in which a subject is taught. Although their contexts were different, the students’ beliefs and attitudes contributed to the way a child learns. Even though their theories differed, they both believed internalizing the information learned was important and constructivism allows the student to analyze, gather, filter, and reflect on the information they are provided. As for differences, Piaget and Vygotsky had quite a few. Obviously, their theories differed especially with social context. Vygotsky believed that development must include social context, unlike Piaget. Vygotsky focused on learning from the environment, while Piaget didn’t see the significance of this. Also, Piaget thought learning happened after development and Vygotsky proposed that learning takes place before development. While Vygotsky focused on language and socializing, Piaget viewed language as a stepping stone to development and didn’t view it as much of an importance. Another difference is that Vygotsky thought that student-student interaction is vital because of the social aspect. On the other hand, Piaget saw student-student collaboration as helpful because it could stimulate thinking, but it wasn’t nearly as important in the cognitive development of children. Also a difference is that Piaget believed in four different stages and ages of development, whereas Vygotsky didn’t believe in any set stages. As we know now, there are multiple intelligences and no two children learn the same. It is hard to choose one theory or the other because every child’s need should be implemented. Teachers should include group work along with individual work and not resort to only one. Piaget and Vygotsky both have valid suggestions for learning, but I believe that time and learning has changed over the years. They both made huge contributions to learning and development and even though their views are different, they both offer logical theories that are still important today.

Saturday, March 7, 2020

Deciding What I Want to Be

Deciding What I Want to Be Since the first flight at Kitty Hawk the flight industry has developed far beyond our imagination. Even with undoubted hazards of flying it still remains a popular means of transportation. This creates a huge demand for labor and wide variety of skills related with the industry. When I was little I was amazed at the sight of over fifty tons floating in the air. This led to curiosity that is embedded in me to this day, which has always made me wanting to become either a pilot or an airplane technician. I still have not decided which trade I would take up when I become graduated.Being a pilot would be an adventurous, risky, exciting and fun life; in simple no two days would be the same. There is a great deal of risk involved from the moment of take off to landing, making it exciting and adventurous. When flying, especially a commercial airliner, the same risk puts a great amount of responsibility in the hands of the pilot.Aviators 4In case of a technician, life would be drastically les s interesting and practically there would be nothing challenging at all, with the exception of completing deadlines. A technician can be sitting in the same desk, in the same terminal, doing the same machinery or drawing the same plan for years. Although on positive terms it is far too less risky, thus making it a lot less liable.On social aspects, piloting is considered as a prestigious occupation, throughout the globe. To be precise sometimes pilots are honored as much as crusaders or gallant sailors and explorers of the colonial centuries. Scarcity of their talent, their responsibilities as well as the dangers they face bring in pilots mammoth paychecks that can be shadowed by few other professions. Technicians only earn...

Thursday, February 20, 2020

Wall Street Journal Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wall Street Journal - Research Paper Example Discussion Insider trading has been viewed to be one of the common and widespread issues in this modern financial market. There were many cases that were reported regarding inside trading. According to an article written by Bray (2013), former director of Goldman Sachs named Mr. Rajat Gupta was accused of being involved in a case relating to the issue of insider trading. Mr. Gupta was being convicted for sharing business secrets that he has learnt as a board member of the company with hedge-fund executive named Raj Rajaratnam and other business members. Mr. Gupta was sent for a two year imprisonment for conducting this unlawful offense. It has been apparently observed that the issue of insider trading is highly unethical. People would be benefited from using insider information but it is not morally correct. It has been viewed from the article that apart from the imprisonment, Mr. Gupta would also have to repay $6.2 billion in regard to legal fees and expenses occurred linked with th e case of insider trading. It is quite significant to understand that insider trading is regarded as an unlawful as well as unethical activity as this affects the performance of the businesses by a greater level. It is ethically not correct for Mr. Rajat Gupta to conduct such practices as it violates the duty of trust as well as confidentiality of the company. Moreover, it has been observed that the penalty that has been imposed over Mr. Gupta is completely on the basis of the proofs that were presented on the court2. In this similar context, there pertains other case relating to the critical issue of insider trading. According to the case, it has been observed that the younger brother of Raj Rajaratnam named Rengan Rajaratnam was accused for conducting the activity of insider trading. In this similar concern, it has been viewed that he was mainly accused due to sharing valuable business information particularly to Clearwire Corp. as well as Advanced Micro Devices Inc. It can be aff irmed that by conducting this practice, he violated the confidentiality of the company that can be regarded as immoral as well as illegal. He made a profit of $1.2 million illegally from performing the activity of insider trading. The information about the illegal conduct that performed by Rengan was observed by the Foreign Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from the telephonic conversation that was recorded between Rengan and one of his friend. Also, it would be worth mentioning that insider trading effects economy and might also lead to market crash at large3. Again in an article presented by Rothfeld, Eaglesham and Bray (2013), it has been noticed that one of the most well known investment firms i.e. SAC Capital Advisors LP would have to pay a huge amount of money for involving in two particular cases of insider trading. It has been apparently observed in this particular circumstance that the company has to pay more than what they have earned from the conduct of insider trading as a p enalty. Also, it has been viewed that a few of the employees of the company have been convicted relating t the case of insider trading in the past few years. Investigations revealed that Mr. Steven A. Cohen (founder of SAC) was guilty of sharing important inside information to Dell Inc and Nvidia Corp. The shared information aided the companies to avoid a trading loss of more

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Literacy Project- Emergent Reading Research Paper

Literacy Project- Emergent Reading - Research Paper Example This is then able to lead into awareness of phonetics, language, print and words. The four blocks not only works with the four levels to reading and writing, but also implements directions that ensure each child is able to work to discover new areas of language while progressing through kindergarten through the third grade. This ensures that each child has a strong basis for recognizing, understanding and writing what is needed for the language learning (Sigmon, 1997). The main component that is a part of the four blocks plan is based on the struggles which children often have when going through the first stages of reading and writing. The force that is taken to read and write is one of the components that are associated with this, specifically which doesn’t allow different styles of thought processes to be implemented. This has led to the initial stage of learning which is to create a desire for each of the children to learn and be a part of the instruction. The rest of the g uide is based on combining each of the necessary steps for reading and writing, specifically so each child has the capability of creating a different approach to early literacy. These combined efforts are then able to guide students into a holistic approach to learning how to read and write (Sigmon, 1997). Part 1.2 Differing Stages of Literacy Development The differing stages of literacy development are devoted to an understanding of the behaviors and cognitive development which a child goes through. Each stage of learning has to coincide with the development of cognition that is approached by each child as well as how these change with the skills created. The literacy development is conducive of the development of oral language, writing and reading. It is known that there are two stages to the development. The first is based on the age of students, specifically which changes the capabilities to understand the cognitive associations with reading and writing as well as the value whic h this carries. The second is based on the learning styles and diverse concepts, specifically which is associated with Gardner’s eight learning styles. According to constructivist principles, the age and the cognitive diversity need to coincide to assist with literacy development. With the constructivist ideologies, there is a sense of engaging children in the concept of learning how to read and write and tapping into different developmental aspects based on cognition to assist children with the learning required (Many, 2001). Part 1.3: Effective Reading Instruction for Learners from Different Cultural and Linguistic Backgrounds A challenge which is currently in the educational system is based on cultural and linguistic backgrounds which differ. Diverse regions which children come from to English as a second language have developed as a prime subject among educators, specifically because reading, writing and speaking levels differ among children of the same age and at the sam e cognizant level. A theory which tackles this topic is transculturation, which allows the diverse concepts to be embraced in the classroom. According to this theory, teachers have the capacity of recognizing the diverse backgrounds, noting the differences in how the languages are used grammatically and how this can be a part of the learning for the rest of the class. The transculturation leads to group activities and interaction which compares the cultural and ling

Monday, January 27, 2020

Benefits of Patient Representatives and Advocates

Benefits of Patient Representatives and Advocates What are patient representatives and advocates, and in what ways do they benefit patients? There has been an arguable change within the working practices of the healthcare systems in the UK (and elsewhere) in the recent few decades. One can point to the gradual evolution of the general public perception of the doctor / physician from an unchallengeable, unapproachable all-knowing figure embodying benign paternalism at the inception of the NHS to the still knowledgeable, but nevertheless accountable, healthcare professional who has to consider the patient’s needs and requirements but can still be capable of making decisions which may not be in the patient’s best overall interests. (1) This has been coupled with the ascendancy of other stakeholders, such as the pharmaceutical industry, whose aims and objectives may not always run parallel with the concept of holistic patient care. (2) One can also argue that the concept of advocacy has risen to the fore in recent years, as a result of such evolutionary processes, with most stakeholders agreeing that the role of the patient advocate is an essential prerequisite of modern healthcare systems and is believed to be a means of safeguarding good patient care. At first sight, this movement could be considered a universal concept of excellence with no downside, after all, patient centred care and patient empowerment and education are considered current ideals in healthcare delivery and surely patient advocacy must be considered a major tool in helping to achieve these goals? This essay challenges this notion and intends to set out the arguments both for and against this proposition. There is no doubt that the concept of advocacy has gained credence in the recent past and is considered to be a means of safeguarding standards of good patient care. (3) It is perhaps unsurprising that a number of different healthcare professional groupings claim the intrinsic right to be patient advocates suggesting, in support of their claims, that their particular branch of the profession has an inherent capability in the role. Closer inspection might suggest that the different professions, and indeed different individuals within these professions, may actually have different interpretations of, and applications for the role of the patient advocate. (4) The result of this spectrum of beliefs is that there is both confusion and uncertainty as to what advocacy is, or actually should be, what it entails and what values it should have. This is disturbing from an analytical viewpoint, as it is generally agreed that the concept of advocacy brings with it a number of privileges, some of which are largely based on the acceptance of the fact that the patient advocate is presumed to have insights into the way in which patients perceive their own interests, others include an enhancement of the individual’s own professional standing. To expand the first point further. We have used the term â€Å"patients perceived interests† to include their perceived beliefs into their rights and protective mechanisms, including their entitlement of force and degree of input into clinical decision making, relating to their own case. Despite the comments and considerations already presented, we would suggest that inherent in the discussions relating to patient advocacy, will be an element which considers whether there is an actual need for the patient advocate. If we are able to demonstrate a need, then we should also consider exactly what are the features that a patient advocate would need to embody and also it follows that we should discuss who is best suited to fulfil the role. Firstly then, we need to consider whether or not a patient advocate is actually needed in the current mechanisms of delivery of NHS healthcare. Is there actually a need to support patients, to express their perceived needs more vociferously, to ensure that their needs are taken seriously and that their interests are actively promoted? This is probably best illustrated by considering cases at the extreme end of the continuum of need. We can cite recently publicised cases where conjoined twins were separated by direction of a court despite the protestations and direct opposition of their parents (5). One can also consider a more frequently encountered practical problem, where the mentally ill patient decides to stop medication and the doctor in charge of the case disagrees. On face value, these types of situations appear to make a fairly unanswerable case for the existence of the patient advocate. On deeper examination however, one can take the view that the concept of advocacy can appear to impose certain difficulties in the obvious and necessary relationship between the healthcare professional and the patient, which may give it an appearance which is possibly neither required, desirable or actually merited. The presence of an advocate in the therapeutic negotiations between doctor and patient carries with it an implied suggestion that the two parties are not only in conflict over the decisions relating to the best (or most appropriate) treatment for the patient, but that the professionals may not actually have patient’s best interests in sight and may actually have ulterior motives from which the patient needs to be protected. Clearly this is an extreme position, and may well not be representative of the vast majority of doctor-patient interactions. We do not seek to argue against the fact that the ideal (and probably normal) relationship between doctor and patient is anything other than one of holistic care and that the healthcare professional takes the requirements and desires of the patient fully into account when formulating care plans and carrying out professional interactions. If we are correct in the assumption that this is actually the case, then it follows that, in the normal doctor-patient interaction, there is palpably no need for a patient advocate as this can be interpreted as being seen as an inherent part of the professional activity of a healthcare professional. This point of view is enhanced by an examination of the advice given and regulations imposed by the various professional regulatory bodies in the UK. For example, the GMC gives advice to all registered doctors: make the care of your patients your first concern, respect patients dignity and privacy; listen to patients and respect their views; respect the right of patients to be fully involved in decisions about their care. (6) The United Kingdom Central Committee for Nursing and Health Visiting (UKCC) also add that their recommendation is that their registered professionals should â€Å"ensure that the interests of patients inform every act of the practitioner† (cited in 7). Nurses specifically are directed to: act at all times in such a manner as to safeguard and promote the interests of patients and clients. Work in an open and cooperative manner with patients, clients and their families, foster their independence and recognise and respect their involvement in the planning and delivery of care. (8) All of these arguments and professional statements are consistent with the Ethical principal of Beneficence, which effectively charges all healthcare professionals with a duty to protect the patient from harm. It is probably beyond dispute that the vast majority of healthcare professionals, if asked, would suggest that they would adopt these principles in their professional work. If this is the case, then one could reasonably argue that there is no need for the patient advocate since the professionals in the healthcare system are already aware of their responsibilities in this respect and that an insistence on a requirement for a distinct and separate role of a patient advocate could be considered unnecessary, alarmist and fraught with the potential to produce conflict. (9) Part of the discrepancy in these viewpoints becomes obvious when one considers the right of the individual patient and the collective rights of all patients. Healthcare professionals have a duty of beneficence to the patient that they are treating, but there is also a wider responsibility to â€Å"The Public Health† in a general sense, and this certainly is a major source of potential conflict. This is not an academic argument but a very practical one. Closer examination of the documents cited above shows that, for example, the GMC requires doctors to consider and respond to the needs of â€Å"all patients† not just the individual patient that they are treating at the time. This clearly has a huge potential for producing conflict when, since the advent of initiatives such as Fundholding, many doctors also have varying degrees of responsibility for running their own budgets which then directly reflect on patient care. (2). Such conflicts enhance the perception, by the public at large, that their own perceived individual interests are being balanced by the doctor (or other healthcare professional) against the interests of other factions. If the doctor needs to prioritise treatment (as inevitably they must in a rationed service such as the NHS), the patient may believe that their own needs are being subsumed by a consideration of the greater public good, thereby depriving them of both autonomy and the possibility of achieving those treatment goals that would otherwise have been set for them. (10) One only has to consider the furore surrounding the Alderhey organ retention issue to appreciate that such a view has a considerable validity and topical resonance. This issue has been addressed by a number of authorities in the past. In a milestone paper on the issue, Fried compared the role of the advocate in the medical field with the eponymous role in the legal profession. (11) He drew a number of analogies between the doctor patient relationship and the relationship between the lawyer and the client, describing them both as non-utilitarian because: The ideal of professional loyalty to ones client permits, even demands, an allocation of the lawyers time, passion, and resources in ways that are not always maximally conducive to the greatest good for the greatest number. Both professions affirm the principle that the professionals primary loyalty is to his client, his patient. The case would therefore seem to be made for the presence of the patient advocate, although it is neither as transparent nor as clear cut as it might appear on first consideration. If we now consider the argument from a different perspective, we could look at the reasons why the calls for advocacy still persist in the literature. The NHS Plan 2000 called for the acceptance of multidisciplinary team working and the adoption of the concept of the healthcare team. As a result of this initiative, decisions relating to patient care tend to me made more often by a multi-input team of professionally qualified individuals than by one individual alone, particularly in the hospital setting ( although the same comments are arguably less true in a primary healthcare team setting). (12) In general terms, such decisions are made when the patient is typically ill, vulnerable or may have diminished degrees of (legal) competence. In circumstances such as these, it is easy to see why some authorities can argue that the patient may need a degree of extra support (possibly both practical and moral) to be sure that their own wishes, preferences and choices are heard, weighed and fully considered by the team. This is particularly the case where the patient’s choices may appear to be bizarre, irrational or counterintuitive. Certainly it is the case when the patient’s choice is not the one that is preferred by the clinical staff. Authorities such as Seedhouse suggest that, in these circumstances, the patient advocate can assume the mantle of helping the patient translate their expressed desires into a cogent treatment plan and to help to steer the healthcare team in the direction preferred by the patient. (13). The practicalities of this function being invested in a professional member of the treatment team become obvious when one considers that it is still normal practice to exclude the patient, even intelligent and informed ones, from the discussion forum where treatment plans and goals are formulated. The advocate can thereby ensure that the patient’s wishes and desires are still represented even in the circumstances when the patient is absent. (14). The other side of this argument is that the dual role of the patient advocate is also to report back to the patient the decisions of the team in a language and a context that is appropriate for the patient’s level of comprehension, thereby keeping the patient informed of decisions made. This degree of communication also provides an obstacle in the arguments supporting advocacy because it implies a full understanding and clear insight , by the advocate, of the patient’s needs (as the patient perceives them) so that the advocate can present them to the healthcare professionals in the team. Incomplete understanding of these issues can clearly lead to distortion and bias which undermines the usefulness of the arrangement. We alluded earlier to the fact that there was â€Å"both confusion and uncertainty as to what advocacy is, or actually should be†. Before we examine the subject further, it is useful to consult the literature for authorities on the subject. We have already presented Seedhouse’s view that an advocate speaks on behalf of another person as that person perceives his interests. This may be true, but it is not the way that advocacy is generally employed in the medical literature and medical practice. A brief overview of the literature on the subject will reveal a number of different interpretations of the essential characteristics of a patient advocate specifically in the healthcare setting and these include: Inform the patient and promote informed consent (8) Empower the patient and protect autonomy. (12) Protect the rights and interests of patients where they cannot protect their own. (3) Ensure patients have fair access to available resources. (15) Support the patient no matter what the potential cost (4) Represent the views/desires of the patient and not just their needs (4) If we follow Schwartz’s analysis it would appear that advocacy has two related tensions: Conflict between what can reasonably be an expected duty of health care practitioners, and what might be beyond reasonable expectations The difficulty in distinguishing between what is actual representation of patients wishes, and what is an assertion of what the advocate believes to be in the best interests of the patient, which would be better described as paternalism. The logical conclusion from the first point is that there is a dichotomy of opinion as to whether advocacy is an essential ethical professional duty or whether it is a burden which is not an essential prerequisite, but a choice that can be made voluntarily. It follows, from the arguments already set out, that if a patient advocate assumes the mantle of agreeing to try to present the patient’s perceptions of their situation and needs, unconditionally and accurately, then they may find themselves in a dilemma of discovering that the patient’s choices conflict with their own and require professional compromise which they may be unwilling to make. On a different level, it may impose a burden of anticipated conflict with other professionals. This may put the patient advocate in a situation which is clearly at odds with the views and guidance published by the profession’s governing bodies expressed earlier. For these (and other) reasons, we could therefore argue that advocacy may be better described as an admirable choice rather than and expectation and duty of healthcare professionals. (16). Wu (17) gives a good practical illustration of this point. How should a potential patient advocate respond to a request for an amputation of a healthy limb from a patient suffering from a body dimorphic syndrome? One might suspect that such a request would produce considerable conflict in the professional practice of the advocate, quite apart from the almost certain conflict that it would arouse with most other professionals when this view was expressed. The assumption of such a role in these circumstances would suggest that the advocate would have to exhibit unconditional support of the patient’s expressed needs and the ability to suppress their own professional feelings on the subject. The concept of paternalism is commonly confused with advocacy in the literature. Some authorities refer to advocacy (wrongly in our view) as the action of assisting a patient through their illness trajectory, or particular clinical procedure, by acting as a resource to provide clarification, advice and education. Halbach (18) suggests that this type of activity is not advocacy for the patient, as it is not as a representative of the patient that the advocate is acting, but as a representative of the healthcare system and clearly this is quite a different concept. It is clearly admirable to help and guide the patient through the complexities of a medical procedure and to minimise the possibilities of miscommunication that can occur if the patient’s own intellectual capacities and abilities are limited. This type of â€Å"advocacy† does not however, represent the patient, Indeed, one could argue that such paternalism may be inadvertently (or even overtly) utilised as an opportunity of the albeit well meaning healthcare professional to bias or frankly manipulate the patient into making the preferred choice. This type of activity, although promoted as one of the attributes and requirements of advocacy, does little to clarify the confusion that exists in this area, as it is essentially doing what the healthcare professional believes is best for the patient, or in the patient’s best interests, even though it may actually override the patient’s expressed needs. It needs to be contrasted with the definition of advocacy that we are arguing in this essay which is advocating what the patient wants, even if this goes against what the healthcare professional actually believes is best for the patient. Obviously there are a number of clinical situations where advocacy and paternalism may appear to overlap, but a critical analysis of the situation should allow a clear, albeit fine, distinction between these two states. If the overriding analysis is that the advocate is essentially supporting the decisions that they believe are in the best interests of the patient, but not necessarily putting forward the views of the patient, then the action is paternalistic. This difference is all the more important when the patient is actually capable of expressing their own considered views in any event Malin (19) reminds us of the generally accepted definition of paternalism which is to override a person’s autonomously self determined choices on the grounds that they believe that it is in the patient’s best interests. If this is presented as paternalism then so be it. If it is presented as advocacy, then it is morally and ethically wrong. There are occasionally circumstances in which it is not possible to be sure of exactly what the patient wants. The paradox is that those who are able to express themselves are probably least likely to require an advocate and yet those who are actually in the greatest need of advocacy are those who may be unconscious or legally incompetent. If we embrace the arguments that we have set out so far, it follows that the healthcare professional who is acting in the capacity as patient advocate must do all that they can to help the patient. This is morally appropriate and recognised as part of the responsibility of the office. This is in direct distinction from considerations relating to the rest of the community, ones colleagues or, for that matter, other patients, which must not be considered if they are antagonistic to the position that the patient finds themselves in. The thrust of this argument clearly means that there may well be situations encountered, which may professionally, or even personally, compromise the activities of the patient advocate. We can return to Fried’s analogy with the criminal lawyer advocate in an attempt to find a compromise solution. Later in his article, Fried points to the fact that lawyers have to compromise themselves to provide optimum help for their clients and this includes acting knowing that they may compromise the position of others. As we have already outlined, a healthcare professional who agrees to be a patient advocate, may have to antagonise others if they are to carry out their duties impartially and with a proper ethical respect for client autonomy. (20) Fried takes his rationalisation to the limits when he states: The lawyer acts morally because he helps to preserve and express the autonomy of his client vis-à  -vis the legal system. Rights are violated if, through ignorance or misinformation about the law, an individual refrains from pursuing a wholly lawful purpose. Therefore, to assist others in understanding and realising their legal rights is always morally worthy. (11) If we accept the validity of this argument then we can also accept the corollary can apply to healthcare professionals. True representation is, in Fried’s terms, morally worthy and can be justified because it protects patient autonomy in the face of a â€Å"potentially overwhelming and intimidating healthcare system† (21) To bring this thread of argument full circle, we can point to the fact that it can therefore be considered part of the duty of the healthcare professional to provide assistance and guidance because, by virtue of their training knowledge and expertise, they have the experience to be expert navigators in the healthcare system. In the words of Schwartz The patient advocate assists the patient to do what they would otherwise be unable to do themselves. These arguments justify numbers five and six on the list above. Having established both the need and the parameters of the role of the patient advocate, we should now consider the qualities and the position of the patient advocate in general terms. The patient may be in a position to fulfil the role adequately themselves. In theoretical terms this may be seen as the best possible outcome, as clearly the ability to give informed consent is a natural sequel to the ability to represent oneself. In practical terms this is seldom accomplished as, by the very nature of being a patient, there is an implication of the state of illness and this brings with it a degree of vulnerability in all but the most stoic of individuals. Few patients have sufficient knowledge to be able to assimilate all that is told to them in the context of their illness and may also therefore benefit from having an â€Å"external† or uninvolved advocate. The friends and family of a patient are natural candidates for the role as they generally know the patient as a person, they are familiar with their needs and desires and can (sometimes) be relied upon to have an empathetic desire to ensure the best outcome for the patient. Such candidates may not be universally altruistic however, as there may be the possibility of family and friends having a vested interest in a less than optimum outcome of a patient’s illness. They may therefore be perceived as being at risk of overtly manipulating the situation or misrepresenting the patient, as there may be an outcome-related benefit for the family member. Inevitably there will be a commitment to a great deal of involvement, both in terms of time and emotional energy, which may be generously given, but should not be taken for granted. Such comments should obviously be considered by the healthcare professionals involved, but this should not be allowed to blind them to the common clinical e xperience that the vast majority of friends and family who wish to have an input in these circumstances are often both informed (about the patient) and deeply committed on their behalf. We should draw attention to the fact that some cultures and healthcare systems have experimented with the concept of the professional patient advocate, particularly in the area of psychiatric disease. (22). In countries such as Canada and Austria, patient advocates are trained and employed specifically to fulfil this role and nothing else. The theory being that by doing this there is no conflict of interest, and the element of paternalism is effectively eradicated from the scenario. Such advocacy should be in its purest form therefore with undivided loyalty to the interests of the patient and no professional bias or personality issues. In such a context, it is believed that there will be less intimidation or inhibition by medical beliefs or dogma and their official status will prevent them from being ignored. The studies that have been carried out in this area have revealed a downside which may not have been widely anticipated. The presence of a designated and professional patient advocate in the decision making process has the ability to engender an adversarial atmosphere where healthcare professionals may adopt a defensive stance which is not optimal for efficient and effective patient care, particularly in the field of psychiatric illness. (23). Practical difficulties ensue when personnel, who may not have wide experience in assessing and handling people in the course of an illness trajectory, may actually be unable to accurately assess the patient’s own goals, values and beliefs. Because such projects are still in their infancy, a number of other potential practical problems have yet to be resolved. The issue of responsibility and accountability is not formalised. One has to question the options open to a patient who finds that they believe that their professional advocate has given them bad advice or poor representation. There are, as yet, no formalised pathways for redress. Doctors have a track record of fulfilling the role as the patient advocate. To an extent, it may be considered a natural extension of their â€Å"job description† and role in the community. Some doctors may be more fitted than others by virtue of their particular position in the medical hierarchy, their personality or their disposition towards particular patients. For example the GP is likely to have built up a relationship over the years with many of his patients and will know them, their families, their wishes, and their personality intimately. One might think that they might be prime candidates for the job. Equally a specialist who may have no knowledge of the patient and may be (for example) and excellent technician in his field but suffers from an inability to communicate well with patients may be a very poor candidate. In addition to these considerations we have already referred to the potential conflict of interests which have arisen in respect of GP Fundholding in the UK where the GP has a theoretical, and in some cases, real problem in balancing his ethical duty to the patient with his financial responsibilities to the community at large (2). For this reason, some doctors find that they cannot realistically act for the interests of the individual patient when they are overtly conscious of their obligations to the pressures of funding a balanced service for the community at large. Some doctors also have cultivated a paternalistic approach to their practice. This is an observation and not intended as criticism, as some would hold that it is an approach which works, and is appreciated by certain sections of the community. (24) In the context of this essay however, for reasons which we have set out in detail above, it is an approach which is not compatible with our definition of advocacy. Such an approach is capable of not being trusted to set out the patient’s interests as the patient perceives them. As we have illustrated earlier, it is more likely to be set out as the doctor believes would be best for the patient, and this removes the possibility of true patient autonomy. (25) Acting in accordance with the Principle of beneficence does not necessarily imply that one is acting in accordance with the patient’s explicit wishes. We have also considered peripherally, the fact that, in acting in a capacity as an advocate, a doctor may find certain other professional conflicts of interest and may therefore find his capacity to act as an unbiased advocate severely impaired. Traditionally the nurse has frequently filled the role of the patient advocate and, on face value, it would appear that the nurse is possibly in the most favourable position to fulfil the role. (26) The nurse has a professional medical training and is well versed with healthcare procedures and practicalities. In a hospital setting, they are the healthcare professionals who tend to spend most of their professional time in direct contact with the patients and are therefore perhaps best placed to be able to holistically assess their needs, aspirations and goals in the widest connotation of these terms. Their professional body (the UKCC) endorses their involvement in this role. The converse of these points include the fact that the nurse, like the doctor, has potential conflicts of professional interest, not often the financial considerations that may fall to the doctor, but other considerations, where there is an antagonism of a professional position where there is a duty to society in general, or perhaps a duty to the profession and the duty to the patient in the role of a patient advocate. A topical situation could be illustrated by the debate over Herceptin (Trastuzumab) which has not yet been fully evaluated and costed by the regulatory authorities, but is in demand by sufferers of advanced forms of breast malignancy. If a nurse was acting in the capacity of an advocate for such a patient, one would have to consider how she would resolve her professional difficulties in recommending a drug that is not yet fully licensed, her duty to society in general to uphold the regulatory pharmaceutical mechanisms and her obligations to the patient who is telling her that she believes that this drug is her best chance of long term survival. (after 27) The NHS Plan 2000 sets out to promote the â€Å"seamless interface of care† between healthcare professionals together with concepts such as multidisciplinary team working. (28) Such concepts are difficult to reconcile with what may transpire to become an adversarial situation. As we have already examined this type of situation in respect of doctors, we shall therefore not set it out again. It is however, appropriate to observe that this adversarial element may be particularly problematic for the nurse as working practices in the past have required appropriate deference to the doctor, and this shift of loyalty may cause particular difficulty in those healthcare professionals who are uncomfortable with this apparent change of stance. Lastly, we note that the formal nursing and medical training in the UK does not currently contain any element of specific learning about this topic. (12). Clearly the general knowledge relating to the workings of the healthcare services and the profession specific training are good preparations for the role but it is quite possible to become qualified without becoming aware of the potential problems associated with advocacy that have been set out here. Medical law and ethics are traditionally poorly represented in the professional curriculum (29) as is specific training in communication skills and the art of negotiation. There is one point that is common to all potential patient advocates that we have not yet addressed. We have considered the fact that the patient may make seemingly irrational, bizarre or idiosyncratic choices may place the patient advocate in a difficult position. If this is the case,

Sunday, January 19, 2020

The Effect of Humour in Galloway’s the Cellist of Sarajevo

People of all ages and cultures respond to humour. Riddles and jokes have been told for centuries to make light of situations and to make people laugh. Humour is the tendency of particular experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement. People are able to be amused, laugh, or smile at something funny, and therefore they are considered to have a sense of humour. To find something humourous depends on the person and their taste in humour and there are many instances when humour does not result in laughter because of the mood of the surroundings or the context. Humour is an emotion that enables us to experience joy even when faced with adversity. It can be seen that in Galloway’s The Cellist of Sarajevo, humour is used in a dark way to lighten the mood. This is done so that the readers have glimpses of light in a dreary time. Humour helps people, in this case the characters, carry on their lives in times of adversity. Galloway uses the lives of Kenan and Dragan to exemplify how humour, in the slightest form, can make a dreary day a little more pleasant. Through examining the life of Kenan, a middle aged man, it will be proven that humour has an important role in his daily life. Kenan has the duty of carrying canisters to the brewery to bring clean, filtered water for his family and Mrs. Ristovski, the neighbour. Before the war, Kenan was a clerical assistant at an accounting firm. His journey to the brewery is very risky because at any point he may be shot; therefore, humour has a huge impact in the way Kenan presently lives his life. Before Kenan leaves his house his wife and him joke about their clothes: â€Å"Would you like me to get you some shoes?†¦ No, she says. But I’ll take a hat if you have time†¦ Of course, he says. I would assume you would like mink? † (Galloway, 26). At a time of war, fancy clothes will not benefit either of them, but he leaves his wife in a good mood. Amila and Kenan use light humour to make a dark situation a little easier to bear. Another example in which Kenan uses his humour to make his grey, dreary journey a little more pleasant is when he walks across an older man fishing for pigeons: â€Å"How’s the fishing today? Kenan asks, †¦ They’re biting well, the man says, †¦ Do you need a licence this time of year? e asks, smiling so the man understands it’s a joke† (Galloway, 64). Seeing the man fishing for pigeons was a brief distraction for Kenan and also a window of hope; with seeing the man, Kenan felt that if he could finish his mission of collecting water for his family, he could also fish for pigeons to help his family. The humour is light; it makes the reader pause, and makes the characters forget about th eir surroundings and just smile. Kenan made slight of the situations he faced so that he can smile, and make it seem that life will carry on with the war. Just as Kenan used humour in his life, Dragan, previously a baker does the same to fill the void of his missing son and wife who left on the last bus to Italy. Dragan now lives with his sister and her family, and to have his space he goes to collect bread from the bakery for the family. While on his journey he has seen many men and women running to cross roads so that the snipers have less probability of hitting them. Dragan likes to see the running as a game: â€Å"The man runs in a straight line. He’s fast. A new world record? Maybe. Perhaps they will have to notify the people at Guinness† (Galloway, 230). Dragan uses sarcasm to make an almost dangerous situation seem funny since the civilian has survived. Dragan likes to see things for what they are, and to make the most of a situation. There is no need to focus on the bad when there is also much to be grateful for. Just like Kenan, Dragan does face a lot of danger and hardships with dealing with the loss of his family, but his humour and sarcasm seem to help him push through and carry on with his life. Dragan uses his wit make it through the tough and challenging times, especially since he has no one by his side. Although Galloway’s The Cellist of Sarajevo is about a devastating, tragic time in history, he manages to use humour in the characters to lighten the mood of the book. By examining how Kenan and Dragan use humour, it has been shown that humour assists in fighting adversity. No matter what situation the character was faced with, they still had their humour, and as long as their sense of humour was alive, their sense of hope would live. As the humour helps the characters in the novel, it also makes the readers have something to tone down the darkness and despair of reality of the war. All persons are different and have appeal to a different sense of humour, but as long as there is something to put a smile on one’s face, then there is something worth fighting for. Works Cited Galloway, Steven. The Cellist of Sarajevo. Toronto, Vintage Canada, 2008 â€Å"Humour. † Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n. d. Web. January 30, 2010

Saturday, January 11, 2020

The Effect of Computer in Our Daily Lives

Why Do They Fail? Statistics show that most people who begin high school finish. Some drop out, of course, but approximately three-quarters earn a diploma. At the post-secondary level, however, fewer than two-thirds of the students complete their program of study. Why do so many college and university students drop out? Knowing the factors that prevent students from completing their post-secondary programs may prove crucial to you regardless of whether you are presently a college student or thinking of becoming one.Most educators agree that the principal causes of failure are lack of basic skills, lack of study skills, and lack of motivation. A firm grasp of basic skills—what are termed the three Rs: reading, writing, and arithmetic—is a must for college or university work. Not only are texts and research material more difficult to understand than they were in high school, but also the quantity of required reading is greater.The ability to express oneself clearly in sta ndard written English is essential; garbled essays, ungrammatical reports, or poorly spelled and punctuated papers will be routinely failed by instructors, regardless of the ideas the writer may think he is expressing. Similarly, mathematical skills are essential to a student’s success in many post-secondary programs. Business, science, technology, and some applied arts programs require sound computational skills. Post-secondary students who lack these basic skills often find little remedial help available and little instructor tolerance for poor work; hence, they fall behind and drop out.

Friday, January 3, 2020

Review Of The Laches - 1800 Words

The Laches begins with Lysimachus saying, â€Å"You have seen the man fighting in armor, Nicias and Laches† (Laches, 178A) to his two friends Nicias and Laches with his third friend Melesias. He has invited these men to his home to ask them what they think about training their sons, Thucydides and Aristides, with this method so as they are â€Å"concerned about the sort of training that would make the best men of them.† (Laches, 179B). Lysimachus and Melesias are worried about how their sons are perceived in society as they have no achievements or merits of worth yet while Nicias and Laches are noted generals that are held in high esteem. Nicias is â€Å"ready to take part in it† (Laches, 180A) and so is Laches but he recommends that they bring Socrates†¦show more content†¦This all stems from his experience with people who have used this form of training are cowardly and so this trait would be passed on to the youth, in other words he believes it to be a waste of time. After this Lysimachus asks Socrates for his stance after hearing the two sides of the argument. Socrates then tells him he has no expertise in this field and asks the same to Melesias. Melesias states that he would head the advice of the person who has trained in this field and that the same person’s vote would have as much worth as all four of their votes combined. Socrates agrees to this as he says a good decision is based on the knowledge behind the choice. This pushes him to proceed to find counsel on the situation at hand as they are discussing the most important topic, the future. This leads to Socrates discussing that they should firmly know which sort of art are they searching for before they find someone to help them. This leads to Nicias stating that he believes they are talking about if the boys should be trained in the armor or not and Socrates states that then they are talking about two topics as there are prior areas of art they need to discuss. This would all surmount to him stating that the most important part they have forgotten to mention of the knowledge is that the end is just as important as the way you got there. This means the teacher should know theShow MoreRelatedJudicial Review And The Indian Courts1444 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical Science Essay Monsoon Semester 2014 Submitted by- Pradyumna Soni 214048 JUDICIAL REVIEW AND THE INDIAN COURTS Introduction Judicial Review is basically an aspect of judicial power of the state which is exercised by the courts to determine the validity of a rule of law or an action of any agency of the state. The courts have the power of testing the validity of legislative as well as other governmental action with reference to the provisions of the constitution. 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